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Home / Gallery / Computer Languages

Computer Languages

A comprehensive guide to programming languages, their paradigms, syntax, and evolution.

Personalities Quotes Arts Books Languages Operating Systems Protocols Databases Data Formats Facts Laws Jokes Versus Dictionary Gadgets
Showing 39 of 39 languages

Arcade

by Esri
2016 Interpreted

Arcade is a portable, lightweight expression language written for use with the ArcGIS system. It is used to perform visualization, labeling, and popup calculations.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: High-level (Scripting).
Popularity: High (in Esri ecosystem)
Paradigms:
Scripting Functional
Primary Usage:
ArcGIS Mapping Labeling Data Visualization
Ecosystem / Libs:
Geometry Functions Text Functions
#Esri #ArcGIS #Scripting #Maps

Terraform

by HashiCorp
2014 Interpreted / Applied by CLI

Terraform is an open-source infrastructure as code software tool that provides a consistent CLI workflow to manage hundreds of cloud services.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level (Infrastructure).
Popularity: Very High (in DevOps)
Paradigms:
Declarative Infrastructure as Code
Primary Usage:
Infrastructure as Code Cloud Provisioning DevOps
Ecosystem / Libs:
AWS Provider Azure Provider Google Provider Kubernetes Provider
#IaC #Cloud #DevOps #HCL

Swift

by Chris Lattner (Apple)
2014 Compiled

Swift is a powerful and intuitive programming language for iOS, iPadOS, macOS, tvOS, and watchOS. Writing Swift code is interactive and fun, the syntax is concise yet expressive.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: High
Paradigms:
Protocol-oriented Object-Oriented Functional Imperative
Primary Usage:
iOS Development macOS Development Server-side Swift
Ecosystem / Libs:
SwiftUI UIKit Foundation Combine Vapor
#Apple #iOS #Safe #Fast

SQLX

by Jmoiron (Go) / LaunchBadge (Rust)
2013 Compiled (part of Rust/Go binary)

SQLX is not a language but a modern SQL toolkit for Go and Rust, providing type-safe, compile-time checked SQL queries and async support.

Typing: Statically Typed (Strong)
Level: Low/Medium (SQL wrapper).
Popularity: High (in Go/Rust ecosystems)
Paradigms:
Asynchronous Declarative (embedded)
Primary Usage:
Backend Development Database Access
Ecosystem / Libs:
Drivers for Postgres, MySQL, SQLite
#Rust #Go #SQL #Async

TypeScript

by Anders Hejlsberg
2012 Transpiled to JavaScript

TypeScript is a free and open-source programming language developed and maintained by Microsoft. It is a strict syntactical superset of JavaScript and adds optional static typing to the language.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Very High
Paradigms:
Object-Oriented Functional Imperative
Primary Usage:
Web Development Large Scale JS Applications
Ecosystem / Libs:
All JavaScript Libraries TypeDefinitions
#Types #Microsoft #JavaScript Superset #Scalable

Ansible

by Michael DeHaan
2012 Interpreted

Ansible is an open-source software provisioning, configuration management, and application-deployment tool enabling infrastructure as code.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Very High (in DevOps)
Paradigms:
Procedural Imperative Automation
Primary Usage:
Configuration Management Application Deployment Automation
Ecosystem / Libs:
Built-in Modules (apt, yum, service, copy, etc.)
#Automation #YAML #DevOps #Config Management

Julia

by Jeff Bezanson et al.
2012 Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiled (LLVM)

Julia is a high-level, high-performance, dynamic programming language. It is well suited for numerical analysis and computational science.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Growing
Paradigms:
Multiple Dispatch Functional Imperative
Primary Usage:
Scientific Computing Data Science Machine Learning
Ecosystem / Libs:
DataFrames.jl Flux.jl DifferentialEquations.jl
#Fast #Science #Math #Performance

Kotlin

by JetBrains
2011 Compiled to Bytecode (JVM), JS, or Native

Kotlin is a cross-platform, statically typed, general-purpose programming language with type inference. It is designed to interoperate fully with Java.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: High
Paradigms:
Object-Oriented Functional Imperative
Primary Usage:
Android Development Server-side Development Multiplatform Mobile
Ecosystem / Libs:
Ktor Spring Boot Jetpack Compose Coroutines
#Android #JVM #Concise #Safe

Dart

by Lars Bak, Kasper Lund
2011 Compiled (AOT for mobile, JIT for dev) / Transpiled to JS

Dart is a client-optimized language for fast apps on any platform. It is developed by Google and is used to build mobile, desktop, server, and web applications.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: High (due to Flutter)
Paradigms:
Object-Oriented Functional Imperative Reflective
Primary Usage:
Cross-platform Mobile Apps (Flutter) Web Apps
Ecosystem / Libs:
Flutter AngularDart
#Flutter #Mobile #UI #Google

Rust

by Graydon Hoare
2010 Compiled

Rust is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose programming language designed for performance and safety, especially safe concurrency. It enforces memory safety without garbage collection.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: Medium-High (Zero-cost abstractions).
Popularity: Growing Fast
Paradigms:
Multi-paradigm Concurrent Functional Imperative
Primary Usage:
Systems Programming WebAssembly CLI Tools Game Engines
Ecosystem / Libs:
Serde Tokio Rocket Rayon
#Safety #Performance #Ownership #Systems

Go

by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, Ken Thompson
2009 Compiled

Go is a statically typed, compiled programming language designed at Google. It is syntactically similar to C, but with memory safety, garbage collection, structural typing, and CSP-style concurrency.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: Medium-High.
Popularity: High
Paradigms:
Concurrent Imperative Structured
Primary Usage:
Cloud Services Microservices Networking DevOps Tools
Ecosystem / Libs:
Standard Library Gin Gorm Cobra
#Concurrency #Simple #Google #Fast

Scratch

by MIT Media Lab
2007 Interpreted

Scratch is a block-based visual programming language and website targeted primarily at children.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: Visual.
Popularity: High (Education)
Paradigms:
Event-driven Block-based Object-Oriented
Primary Usage:
Education Introductory Programming
Ecosystem / Libs:
Standard Blocks
#Kids #Education #Visual #Blocks

Markdown

by John Gruber
2004 Parsed to HTML

Markdown is a lightweight markup language for creating formatted text using a plain-text editor.

Typing: N/A
Level: High-level (Markup).
Popularity: Extremely High
Paradigms:
Markup Declarative
Primary Usage:
Documentation README files Static Sites Note-taking
Ecosystem / Libs:
Marked Remark Pandoc
#Markup #Documentation #Simple #Web

Scala

by Martin Odersky
2004 Compiled to Bytecode (JVM)

Scala is a strong statically typed general-purpose programming language which supports both object-oriented programming and functional programming.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Moderate
Paradigms:
Functional Object-Oriented Imperative
Primary Usage:
Big Data (Spark) Backend Services Distributed Systems
Ecosystem / Libs:
Akka Play Framework Apache Spark Cats
#JVM #Functional #Big Data #Scalable

PostGIS

by Refractions Research
2001 Interpreted (DB Extension)

PostGIS is a spatial database extender for PostgreSQL object-relational database. It adds support for geographic objects allowing location queries to be run in SQL.

Typing: Statically Typed (Schema)
Level: High-level (Spatial).
Popularity: Standard for Open Source GIS
Paradigms:
Declarative Spatial
Primary Usage:
GIS Spatial Analysis Mapping Database
Ecosystem / Libs:
GEOS GDAL PROJ
#GIS #Spatial #SQL #Maps

C#

by Anders Hejlsberg
2000 Compiled to IL, JIT compiled by CLR

C# is a modern, object-oriented, and type-safe programming language. It enables developers to build many types of secure and robust applications that run in the .NET ecosystem.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Very High
Paradigms:
Object-Oriented Component-oriented Functional Imperative
Primary Usage:
Enterprise Applications Game Development (Unity) Web Development Mobile Apps
Ecosystem / Libs:
.NET Core Entity Framework Newtonsoft.Json ASP.NET
#Microsoft #.NET #Enterprise #Games

GDAL

by Frank Warmerdam
1998 Compiled (C++)

The Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL) is a translator library for raster and vector geospatial data formats.

Typing: Statically Typed (C++)
Level: Low-level (Data Access).
Popularity: Ubiquitous in GIS
Paradigms:
Object-Oriented Procedural
Primary Usage:
GIS Data Conversion Raster Processing Vector Manipulation
Ecosystem / Libs:
OGR PROJ
#GIS #Raster #Vector #Conversion

CSS

by Håkon Wium Lie
1996 Parsed by Browser

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language such as HTML.

Typing: N/A
Level: High-level (Styling).
Popularity: Extremely High
Paradigms:
Declarative Style Sheet
Primary Usage:
Web Design User Interfaces Animations
Ecosystem / Libs:
Tailwind CSS Sass Bootstrap
#Design #Web #Style #Layout

JavaScript

by Brendan Eich
1995 Just-In-Time Compiled (often called Interpreted)

JavaScript is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Extremely High
Paradigms:
Event-driven Functional Imperative
Primary Usage:
Web Development (Frontend & Backend) Mobile App Development Game Development
Ecosystem / Libs:
React Vue Angular Express Lodash
#Web #Frontend #Interactive #Async

Java

by James Gosling
1995 Compiled to Bytecode, Interpreted by JVM

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Very High
Paradigms:
Object-Oriented Imperative Concurrent
Primary Usage:
Enterprise Applications Android Apps Big Data Banking
Ecosystem / Libs:
Spring Hibernate Apache Commons JUnit
#OOP #Enterprise #Robust #JVM

Ruby

by Yukihiro Matsumoto (Matz)
1995 Interpreted

Ruby is a dynamic, open source programming language with a focus on simplicity and productivity. It has an elegant syntax that is natural to read and easy to write.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: Very High-level.
Popularity: Moderate
Paradigms:
Object-Oriented Functional Imperative
Primary Usage:
Web Development Scripting Prototyping
Ecosystem / Libs:
Ruby on Rails Sinatra RSpec Devise
#Rails #Web #Elegant #Productivity

PHP

by Rasmus Lerdorf
1994 Interpreted

PHP is a popular general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf.

Typing: Dynamically Typed (with optional typing)
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Very High
Paradigms:
Imperative Functional Object-Oriented Procedural
Primary Usage:
Web Development (Backend) CMS (WordPress, Drupal) E-commerce
Ecosystem / Libs:
Laravel Symfony WordPress Composer
#Web #Backend #Easy Deployment #CMS

HTML

by Tim Berners-Lee
1993 Parsed by Browser

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser.

Typing: N/A
Level: High-level (Markup).
Popularity: Extremely High
Paradigms:
Markup Declarative
Primary Usage:
Web Development Email Templates Web Applications
Ecosystem / Libs:
Standard HTML5
#Web #Structure #Frontend #Standard

R

by Ross Ihaka, Robert Gentleman
1993 Interpreted

R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Core Team and the R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Moderate (High in Data Science)
Paradigms:
Functional Procedural Reflective Imperative
Primary Usage:
Statistical Analysis Data Visualization Bioinformatics Machine Learning
Ecosystem / Libs:
dplyr ggplot2 Shiny tidyr caret
#Statistics #Data #Analysis #Plots

Lua

by Roberto Ierusalimschy
1993 Interpreted (Bytecode)

Lua is a lightweight, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language designed primarily for embedded use in applications.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Moderate (High in Games)
Paradigms:
Multi-paradigm Scripting Procedural Functional
Primary Usage:
Game Development (Roblox, WoW) Embedded Systems Scripting
Ecosystem / Libs:
LÖVE Corona SDK Torch (historic)
#Embedded #Scripting #Games #Lightweight

Python

by Guido van Rossum
1991 Interpreted

Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Extremely High
Paradigms:
Object-Oriented Procedural Functional
Primary Usage:
Web Development Data Science Artificial Intelligence Scientific Computing Automation
Ecosystem / Libs:
NumPy Pandas Requests Django FastAPI
#Simple #Readable #Versatile #AI #Data

Haskell

by Haskell Committee
1990 Compiled

Haskell is a general-purpose, statically typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation.

Typing: Statically Typed (Strong)
Level: Very High-level.
Popularity: Niche
Paradigms:
Purely Functional
Primary Usage:
Academic Research Fintech High-assurance Systems
Ecosystem / Libs:
Pandoc Lens Yesod
#Functional #Pure #Academic #Lazy

Shell (Bash)

by Brian Fox
1989 Interpreted

Unix shell is a command-line interpreter or shell that provides a command line user interface for Unix-like operating systems. Bash is the most common default shell.

Typing: Untyped (everything is a string)
Level: High-level (Command glue).
Popularity: High
Paradigms:
Imperative Scripting
Primary Usage:
System Administration DevOps Automation Scripts
Ecosystem / Libs:
GNU Coreutils awk sed grep curl
#Automation #Linux #DevOps #Scripting

Perl

by Larry Wall
1987 Interpreted

Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. 'Perl 5' is the one in common use.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: Declining
Paradigms:
Multi-paradigm Functional Imperative
Primary Usage:
System Administration Text Processing Legacy Web
Ecosystem / Libs:
CPAN Mojolicious Catalyst
#Scripting #Text #Regex #Legacy

C++

by Bjarne Stroustrup
1985 Compiled

C++ is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: Multi-level (Low to High).
Popularity: High
Paradigms:
Procedural Functional Object-Oriented Generic
Primary Usage:
Game Development System/Software Drivers Client-Server
Ecosystem / Libs:
STL Boost Qt OpenCV
#Performance #Systems #Games #Complex

MATLAB

by Cleve Moler
1984 Interpreted

MATLAB is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: High-level.
Popularity: High (Engineering/Academia)
Paradigms:
Multi-paradigm Functional Imperative Procedural
Primary Usage:
Engineering Linear Algebra Signal Processing Control Systems
Ecosystem / Libs:
Simulink Optimization Toolbox Signal Processing Toolbox
#Math #Engineering #Simulation #Matrix

PROJ

by Gerald Evenden
1980s Compiled (C++)

PROJ is a generic coordinate transformation software that transforms geospatial coordinates from one coordinate reference system (CRS) to another.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: Low-level (Math/Geodesy).
Popularity: Essential Infrastructure
Paradigms:
Mathematical Transformation
Primary Usage:
Map Projections Coordinate Transformation Geodesy
Ecosystem / Libs:
libproj
#Projections #Coordinates #GPS #Mapping

SQL

by Donald D. Chamberlin, Raymond F. Boyce
1974 Interpreted by DB Engine

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS).

Typing: Statically Typed (Schema-based)
Level: High-level (Declarative).
Popularity: Extremely High
Paradigms:
Declarative Set-based
Primary Usage:
Database Management Data Analysis Backend Development
Ecosystem / Libs:
PostgreSQL MySQL SQLite Oracle SQL Server
#Database #Data #Query #Declarative

C

by Dennis Ritchie
1972 Compiled

C is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: Low-level.
Popularity: High
Paradigms:
Imperative Procedural Structured
Primary Usage:
Operating Systems Embedded Systems Drivers Kernels
Ecosystem / Libs:
Standard C Library (libc) POSIX
#Low-level #Fast #OS #Embedded

Prolog

by Alain Colmerauer, Robert Kowalski
1972 Interpreted / Compiled (WAM)

Prolog is a logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.

Typing: Untyped / Dynamic
Level: Declarative (Logic).
Popularity: Niche
Paradigms:
Logic Declarative
Primary Usage:
AI Natural Language Processing Expert Systems
Ecosystem / Libs:
SWI-Prolog Libraries
#Logic #AI #Facts #Rules

COBOL

by CODASYL (Grace Hopper)
1959 Compiled

COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level (Business).
Popularity: Niche (Legacy)
Paradigms:
Imperative Procedural Object-Oriented (modern)
Primary Usage:
Banking Insurance Government Systems
Ecosystem / Libs:
CICS JCL
#Business #Legacy #Mainframe #Verbose

Lisp

by John McCarthy
1958 Interpreted / Compiled

Lisp (List Processing) is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation.

Typing: Dynamically Typed
Level: Very High-level.
Popularity: Niche
Paradigms:
Functional Metaprogramming
Primary Usage:
AI Research Emacs (Elisp) AutoCAD (AutoLISP)
Ecosystem / Libs:
Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)
#AI #Parentheses #Macros #Functional

Fortran

by John Backus (IBM)
1957 Compiled

Fortran (Formula Translation) is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.

Typing: Statically Typed
Level: High-level (for its time).
Popularity: Niche (Scientific)
Paradigms:
Imperative Procedural Object-Oriented (modern)
Primary Usage:
High-performance Computing Physics Simulations Weather Forecasting
Ecosystem / Libs:
LAPACK BLAS MPI
#Science #Math #HPC #Legacy

Assembly

by Various (Kathleen Booth)
1949 Assembled to Machine Code

Assembly language is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the instruction in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions.

Typing: Untyped
Level: Very Low-level.
Popularity: Low (Specialized)
Paradigms:
Imperative Unstructured
Primary Usage:
OS Kernels Drivers Embedded Systems Reverse Engineering
Ecosystem / Libs:
None (OS Syscalls)
#Low-level #Hardware #Fast #Machine Code

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